Mutarda nigra

(L.) Bernh. (1800)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Mutarda

black mustard, makeke, mākeke

Naturalized

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Erect annual herbs 5–25 dm tall, branched above, with watery and usually pungent sap.

Stems: Stems sparsely hirsute, especially on lower parts of stem, or subglabrous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate or rarely opposite. Lower blades deeply pinnatified, with a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones, 10–20 cm long, 3–9 cm wide. cauline leaves gradually reduced. Cauline leaves sessile, not clasping the stem. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in usually bractless, in elongate, terminal racemes. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic or rarely slightly irregular; showy. Calyx of 4 sepals, ascending or spreading, deciduous, erect, usually oblong, inner ones ± gibbous at base. Corolla of 4 petals, rarely absent, yellow, 7–8 mm long, long–clawed. Stamens (2–4)6(–16), tetradynamous, the inner 4 usually in pairs, sometimes connate at base in pairs; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2(4?)-carpellate, usually 2-celled by means of a false, but usually complete septum, rarely 1-celled, sessile or rarely stipitate; ovules 1 to numerous, borne on parietal placentas on replum margin at periphery of ovary wall, campylotropous or occasionally anatropous; style 1 or occasionally absent; stigma truncate or 2-lobed.

Fruit: Capsules divided into 2 cells by the usually thin and membranous septum; elongate (at least 3 times as long as wide) and referred to as a silique. fruit an elongate; linear silique; often torulose; terete (cylindrical) or 4–angled; with a stout; indehiscent; flat or conical; often 1–seeded beak. Siliques erect; appressed to the stem; 1–2 cm long; the beak sterile; 1–4 mm long. Seeds 1 to numerous; often becoming mucilaginous when wet; endosperm essentially absent. Seeds dark reddish brown; globose; 1–1.3 mm in diameter; the surface finely reticulate.

Ploidy: 2n = 16; 32

Habitat: Naturalized in disturbed areas; especially along roadsides and in pastures.

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Synonyms (40)

Brassica brachycarpa P.Candargy (1897)

Brassica bracteolata Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (1838)

Brassica elongata var. longipedicellata Halácsy ex Formánek (1898)

Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch (1833)

Brassica nigra f. breviflora Zapał. (1913)

Brassica nigra f. condensata Hausskn. (1890)

Brassica nigra f. dentifera Zapał. (1913)

Brassica nigra f. glabrata Zapał. (1913)

Brassica nigra f. hispida O.E.Schulz (1919)

Brassica nigra proles persoonii Rouy & Foucaud (1895)

Brassica nigra proles turgida (Pers.) Rouy & Foucaud (1895)

Brassica nigra subsp. hispida (O.E.Schulz) Gladis (1992)

Brassica nigra var. abyssinica A.Braun (1841)

Brassica nigra var. bracteolata (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Spach ex Coss. (1859)

Brassica nigra var. carneodentata Kuntze (1891)

Brassica nigra var. subglabra Kuntze (1891)

Brassica nigra var. torulosa (Pers.) Alef. (1866)

Brassica nigra var. turgida (Pers.) Alef. (1866)

Brassica nigra var. vulgaris Alef. (1866)

Brassica persoonii Rouy & Foucaud (1895)

Brassica sinapioides Roth (1848)

Brassica sinapis Noulet (1837)

Brassica turgida Rouy & Foucaud (1895)

Crucifera sinapis (L.) E.H.L.Krause (1902)

Erysimum glabrum C.Presl (1826)

Melanosinapis communis Spenn. (1829)

Melanosinapis nigra (L.) Calest. (1908)

Raphanus sinapis-officinalis Crantz (1769)

Rhamphospermum nigrum (L.) Al-Shehbaz (2021)

Sinapis bracteolata G.Don (1839)

Sinapis erysimoides Roxb. (1832)

Sinapis gorraea Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. (1831)

Sinapis nigra L. (1753)

Sinapis nigra var. torulosa (Pers.) Mérat (1812)

Sinapis nigra var. turgida (Pers.) Mérat (1812)

Sinapis orgyalis Willd. ex Ledeb. (1841)

Sinapis persoonii (Rouy & Foucaud) A.Chev. (1941)

Sinapis torulosa Pers. (1806)

Sinapis turgida Pers. (1806)

Sisymbrium nigrum (L.) Prantl (1884)

Uses and Culture

USES

Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Naturalized

O'ahu Naturalized

Maui Naturalized

Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Pollinators

Conservation Status

IUCN:Least Concern

Bibliography

Name Published In: Syst. Verz. Erf.: 197 (1800)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:400 (no NWHI records, O, M, H); Starr et al. 2003:25 (Mi)

Occurrences

SNo.	Scientific Name	Scientific Name Authorship	Locality	Habitat	Basis of Record	Recorded By	Record Number	Island	Source	Date

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